Will fasting and Eid be according to the moon or according to the calendar?
The focus of the affairs is on the sighting of the moon, that until the moon is not seen, fasting and Eid etc. will not take place, because the word "visioning" has been used in the authentic hadiths for this and the Prophet From the time of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) until today, it is meant to see it for real and it is followed, so until the regular moon is not seen or it is not legally proven.
The lunar month will not start, even though it has started according to the calendar, because we are bound by the Qur'an and Hadith, not bound by the opinion of astronomers, etc., so the matters of worship, i.e. Ramadan, Eid, etc., will not be done according to the calendar. Rather, only vision will be considered.
Regarding fasting and Eid etc., it is mentioned in the Holy Hadith that the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
لا تصوموا حتى تَرَوُا الهلالَ ، ولا تُفْطِروا حتى تَرَوْهُ ،
Translation: Do not start the fast of Ramadan without seeing the moon and do not end it without seeing the moon.(Sahih Al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Soom, Chapter If You See Al-Hilal, Fasumwa al-Kh, Volume 3, Page 27, Published by Tawq al-Najat)
How to fast by guess:
Rather, even if the moon is not visible due to cloudiness, it is not allowed to fast and Eid just by making estimates etc., but then it is ordered to complete the thirty days of this month. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
فإن غم عليكم فاكملوا العدة ثلاثين".
Translation: If the moon remains hidden from you, complete the count of thirty days.
(Sunan Dar Qutni, Kitab al-Soom, Chapter of Fasting for Ruyyat al-Hilal, Volume 2, Page 7, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, Beirut)
The Moon Period:
The day when the moon is seen, we will count it as the same day, even though apparently it is only two days when we see it, because the Sharia has ordered to see it, so when we see it, we will count it as the same day and the Companions, may God have mercy on him. They used to do the same.
So it is in Sahih Muslim
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ فُضَيْلٍ، عَنْ حُصَيْنٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مُرَّةَ، عَنْ أَبِي الْبَخْتَرِيِّ، قَالَ: خَرَجْنَا لِلْعُمْرَةِ، فَلَمَّا نَزَلْنَا بِبَطْنِ نَخْلَةَ قَالَ: تَرَاءَيْنَا الْهِلَالَ، فَقَالَ بَعْضُ الْقَوْمِ: هُوَ ابْنُ ثَلَاثٍ، وَقَالَ بَعْضُ الْقَوْمِ: هُوَ ابْنُ لَيْلَتَيْنِ، قَالَ: فَلَقِينَا ابْنَ عَبَّاسٍ، فَقُلْنَا: إِنَّا رَأَيْنَا الْهِلَالَ، فَقَالَ بَعْضُ الْقَوْمِ: هُوَ ابْنُ ثَلَاثٍ، وَقَالَ بَعْضُ الْقَوْمِ: هُوَ ابْنُ لَيْلَتَيْنِ، فَقَالَ: أَيَّ لَيْلَةٍ رَأَيْتُمُوهُ؟ قَالَ فَقُلْنَا: لَيْلَةَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ: «إِنَّ اللهَ مَدَّهُ لِلرُّؤْيَةِ، فَهُوَ لِلَيْلَةٍ رَأَيْتُمُوهُ»
Abu'l-Bakhtari reported:
We went out to perform Umra and when we encamped in the valley of Nakhla, we tried to see the new moon. Some of the people said: It was three nights old, and others (said) that it was two nights old. We then met Ibn 'Abbas and told him we had seen the new moon, but that some of the people said it was three nights old and others that it was two nights old. He asked on which night we had seen it; and when we told him we had seen it on such and such night, he said the Prophet of Allah ( صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم ) had said: Verily Allah deferred it till the time it is seen, so it is to be reckoned from the night you saw it. (Sahih Muslim hadeth no.1088)
From all these arguments, it is known that to know Ramadan and Eid, it is necessary to look at the moon, not only the calendar will be sufficient.
واللہ اعلم باالصواب ۔
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